ITEMS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF NON-CHENOZEM ZONE
143026, Moscow region, Nemchinovka, Kalinina 1, Russian Federation.

Transformation of lodicules into pistils in flowers of soft wheat. [p. 96]

V.G. Kyzlasov.

Kyzlasov (1996) created a line of spring soft wheat with polygynous flowers. From two up to five pistils and three stamens are formed in normally developed flowers of this wheat. Under favorable conditions of plant cultivation the percentage of polygynous flowers is increased, under extreme conditions it is reduced. The number of caryopses formed per flower depends upon the number of pistils and the impact of environmental factors. In conditions of optimum temperature and normal air humidity, the number of caryopses per flower is increased, whereas in high or low temperature and over-damping, it is reduced. In the flowers with two, three, four, and five pistils, the caryopses are formed, upon pollination, at first from usual pistils, and only later, from lodicule pistils. The pistils originating from lodicules show reduced vitality. The lodicule pistils demonstrate high modification variability in regard of percentage of seed formation and individual caryopses weight (10 to 90 mg).

Previously, we did not know which part of the flower or germ the additional pistils originated. Close analysis of the structure of polygynous flowers showed that the additional pistils are formed from the lodicules. The number of lodicules from which the additional pistils are formed may be as many as four in one flower. Hence, the total number of pistils in a polygynous flower sometimes may be as many as five. Flowers having four or five caryopses are very rare.

The shape of caryopses formed in polygynous flowers is usually asymmetric. Sometimes they are oblate or crescent-shaped. Sometimes the germs are dislocated to the back of caryopsis for the caryopses formed from lodicules. The ventral side of lodicule caryopsis is turned outwards of the flower. In ergot-infected plants, a sclerotium occurs in place of one of the caryopses of the polygynous flower, whereas normal caryopses are formed from the other pistils after they are pollinated by pollen from their own flower.

The results of this research indicate that lodicules of flowers of soft wheat are potential pistils. A lodicule is an underdeveloped pistil. In relation to each other, these organs of the flower are epigenetic relatives.

Reference.

• Kyzlasov VG. 1996. The phenomenon of multipistillity of wheat flowers. In: Abstr 5th Internat Wheat Conf, Ankara, Turkey, p.430.
  
  

 

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOUTH-EAST REGIONS - ARISER

Department of Genetics, 410020 Toulaykov str., 7, Saratov, Russian Federation.

The influence of gene combination Lr19 + Lr26 on bread-making quality in 2005. [p. 97]

S.N. Sibikeev, S.A. Voronina, V.A. Krupnov, and A.E. Druzhin.

Gene Lr26 in the T1BL·1RS translocation is used intensively in a majority of the wheat breeding centers of the world. This translocation has valuable genes for resistance to leaf rust (Lr26), stem rust (Sr31), stripe rust (Yr9), and powdery mildew (Pm8) and also promotes an increase in grain productivity, resistance to drought, and formation of larger grain. At ARISER, a set NILs with the Lr26-translocation and perspective lines were produced from the best Saratov-bred spring bread wheat cultivars. The data for 2005 indicate that the interaction of this translocation positively influences grain yield under conditions of a strong leaf rust epidemic and heat and drought during grains filling (Table 1). The main limiting factor for the use of T1BL·1RS in wheat breeding is the influence on bread-making quality. A decrease in bread-making quality is coupled with the genes for disease resistance and Sec1. In the set of the NILs produced in the genetic background of cultivar L503, the Lr26 translocation significantly increased grain protein content, but did not influence gluten values. The increase in grain protein content was accompanied by an increase in grain yield for lines containing the Lr26 translocation (Table 1). This effect may have been induced by a severe leaf rust attack on L503 and the absence of infection in lines carrying the Lr26 translocation. Values for dough extensibility (P) and flour strength (W) were significantly lower in the NILs with the Lr26 translocation. However, these deleterious effects can be eliminated by crossing with bread wheat cultivars with excellent bread-making quality (Table 2). Thus, positive effects from Lr19 + Lr26 translocations for disease resistance and grain productivity with good or excellent bread-making quality are possible.

Evaluation of spring bread wheat cultivars and lines for resistance to leaf rust in 2005. [p. 97-98]

V.A. Krupnov, S.N. Sibikeev, S.A. Voronina, and A.E. Druzhin.

In 2005, a sever epidemic of leaf rust was observed. Beginning at sowing time for winter wheat (which occupies two-thirds of the cultivated area of bread wheat), the epidemic was widespread on spring wheat sowings. Evaluation data of a set NILs with Lr genes showed that the severity of the leaf rust epidemic on the susceptible cultivars was 70-75 % and with a grain yield loss of 20-25 %. The results of the IT evaluation are in Table 3. The IT was evaluated three times; first during shoot formation, second at heading, and finally at grain wax-ripeness. Highly effective resistance was from gene combinations Lr14+23, Lr9+19, Lr19+24, Lr19+25, and Lr19+26. Interestingly, the Lr19 gene in the background of cultivars L503, Dobrynya, and L2032 significantly decreased the severity of disease.

The expression of Ut-genes in the spring bread wheat cultivars and lines. [p. 98]

A.E. Druzhin, V.A. Krupnov, S.N. Sibikeev, T.D. Golubeva, and T.V. Kalintseva.

The expression of Ut genes depends on the genotype of the host, the environment, the pathogen pathotype, and inoculum quantity. Ut genes transferred from the spring durum wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 57 have different levels of expression in the spring bread wheat lines L2040, L3630, L164, and L2772 under identical environment and inoculation conditions with the pathotype (race 23 = T18) at an inoculum of 1 g/l. The expression of Ut genes was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, the degree of loose smut infection (%) was greater than that in the field. More favorable conditions for pathogen development in a greenhouse (air temperature 18C, regular watering, and 10-h day length) than in the field (air temperature during the first growth period 22C, a moisture deficiency in the soil, and 12-h day length) resulted in a decrease in the level of effectiveness of the Ut genes. The reaction to race 23 = T18 in the greenhouse and field in cultivars and lines of bread wheat can be very different. For Saratovskaya 70, field infection was 7.7 % and greenhouse infection was 51.6 %. The same difference was noted in lines L1242 and L2772. However, Ut genes in cultivars Saratovskaya 57 and CI12633 and lines L2040 and L2780 were nearly identical both in the field and in the greenhouse. Greenhouse evaluation has revealed the potential efficacy of Ut genes under the most favorable conditions possible for pathogen development.

Accumulating and spending structured and spare material in soft spring wheats from time of creation. [p. 99]

E.I. Zhanabekova, A.V. Firsov, and V.A. Kumakov.

We studied the accumulation and use of spare material of the spring wheats Lutescens 62, Saratovskaya 29, and Saratovskaya 58. The more advanced Saratovskaya 58 exports dry material not only from the culms located below the uppermost internode but also from those uppermost internodes that do not exist in Lutescens 62 and Saratovskoy 29. The more modern and productive Saratovskaya 58 spends spare material to a greater degree, which finally is reflected in grain mass. Climate can influence the process of accumulating and using spare and structured material to greater or lesser degrees.

 

 

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
119992, Moscow, GSP-2, Leninskye Gory, Biology Faculty, Department of Mycology and Algology, Russian Federation.
www. lekomtseva@herba.msu.ru

 

Special forms of Puccinia graminis on Graminaceous plants. [p. 99-100]

S.N. Lekomtseva, V.T. Volkova, and L.G. Zaitseva (Moscow State University); V.A. Rusanov (Rostov State University); and Yu.A. Chikin (Tomsk State University).

The stem rust pathogen is a parasite on 300 cereal species of (Naumov NA, 1939, Rust of cereals in USSR, Selchosgiz, Moscow-Leningrad. 358 p). In addition to wild species, the fungus can damage wheat, rye, barley, and oats leading to significant crop loss. Urediospores from the wild cereals can be a source of new inoculation of stem rust on agricultural crops. Monitoring stem rust in wild cereals is needed.

Long-term observations of P. graminis development on cereals during seasons of differing weather were made in the Moscow (Central), Leningrad (Nord West), Rostov (Nord Caucasus), Tomsk (West Siberian) areas of the Russian Federation. Stem rust was found on cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), wheat grass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Gould.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Highly susceptible cultivars of wheat, rye, and oats were infected by urediospores of P. graminis from these plants.

The rye form, P. graminis f.sp. secalis (Pgs), was found on all cereal species tested. The wheat form P. graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) was identified on cocksfoot, wheat grass, and sheep fescue. The oat form P. graminis f.sp. avenae (Pga) was found on cocksfoot, timothy, and sheep fescue (Table 1). The several forms of P. graminis can develop on the same species of cereal simultaneously. On cocksfoot, Pga, Pgs, and Pgt were found. On wheat grass, Pgs and Pgt were noted. Forms Pgs and Pga were found on timothy. On bluegrass we found the rye form of stem rust, Pgs (Table 1).

Stem rust development on wild cereal species depended on the plant­host conditions of development. Wheat grass stem rust appeared simultaneously with infection on rye and wheat. In the Northern Caucasus, urediospores from wheat grass predominantly infected wheat (Pgt). In the Central and Northwest regions and Western Siberia, urediospores from wheat grass mainly infected rye (Pgs). The appearance of stem rust on other wild species was observed during autumn as a rule. We can conclude that if P. graminis development is depressed in cultured cereals, the wild species can serve as an additional source of infection in favorable conditions.

Acknowledgment. The work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches.

Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in the Russian Federation in 2004. [p. 100-101]

S.N. Lekomtseva, V.T. Volkova, L.G. Zaitseva, and M.N. Chaika.

In 2004, weak development of wheat stem rust was observed in Northern Caucasus (the Rostov area). The pathogen was not found in Central Russia (Moscow area). Aecia were collected on barberry in the botanical garden of the Moscow State University, in the main botanical garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in some areas of the Moscow region during May­June. Stem rust was found in the Moscow region on wheat grass (Elytrigia repens) and barley by the end of July. Races were defined using the Pgt system according to the reaction of 16 isogenic lines of wheat (Roelfs and Martens 1998). In Russia in 2004, the two races, TKNT (5, 21, 9e, 7b, 6, 8a, 9g, 36, 30, 9a, 9d, 10, Tmp) and TKST (5, 21, 9e, 7b, 6, 8a, 9g, 36, 30, 9a, 9d, 10, Tmp) were dominate (73.9 % and 14.5 %, respectively). Other races were found at much lower levels (Table 2).

The same races were registered on barberry in the Central region of the Russian Federation in 2003 (Lekomtseva et al. 2004). The dominate race TKNT was selected from aecia on barberry and uredinia on barley and wheat grass in the Moscow and Rostov areas. Race TKST was found on barberry in the Moscow area and wheat in Rostov area. Races TTNT and PKST were found on barberry in the Moscow area. Races TKPT and TTST were found on wheat in the Rostov area (Table 3). All races studied were characterized by high virulence. The dominating race TKNT contained 13 genes of virulence.

The evaluation of wheat NILs for resistance has shown that the majority of races were virulent to stem rust in 2004, except for lines with Sr9b, Sr11, and Sr13 (Table 4).

Fungal isolates virulent to Sr9b were found in aecia on barberry in Moscow area but not on wheat. Long-term monitoring of the wheat lines with Sr9b, Sr11, and Sr13 will increase the efficiency of these genes to wheat stem rust in Russia (Lekomtseva et al. 2004).

Acknowledgment. The work is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches.

Reference.

• Lekomtseva SN, Volkova VT, Zaitseva LG, and Chaika MN. 2004. Pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici from different host-plants in 1996-2000. Micologia i fitopatologia 38(5):37-43 (In Russian).
  

INSTITUTE OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS

Far Eastern Breeding Center, Karl Marx str., 107, Khabarovsk, 680009, Russian Federation.

Breeding and genetic analysis of height in spring wheats. [p. 101-104]

I. Shindin.

In the Russian Far East, tall cultivars of spring wheat lodge during the summer monsoons and when the grain yield is more than 2 t/ha. Semidwarf cultivars from the U.S., Mexico, Canada, India, and other countries were used in hybridizations to create lodging-resistant cultivars. One experiment at the Far Eastern breeding center in Khabarovsk showed that a short stalk was inherited very well but, at the same time, negative traits such as weak drought resistance, susceptibility to Fusarium and Helminthosporium, and unstable yield also were inherited. Initial material should not have these negative traits.

Materials and methods. Four hybrids, F1-F2 ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya (ERO-4/Dv), Opal/Okeanskaya 39 (Opal/Ok 39), Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 (Md/P 1738), and Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47 (Md/L 47) were used for the analysis. Height difference between cultivars was from 12-25 cm, p < 0.001. Each cultivar had one or more valuable features. ERO-4 (Brazil) is resistant to diseases and drought. Dalnevostochnaya (Russia) is a strong wheat with high technological quality. Opal (Germany) is medium height and resistant to lodging and disease with big, productive spikes. Molodyozhnaya (Russia) has a short stalk and is resists lodging. Lutescens 47 (Russia) is productive and moderately resistant to lodging and disease. Okeanskaya 39 and Primorskaya 1738 (Russia) have big spikes and a high 1,000-kernel weight.

Seeds were sown in the field according to the following scheme: P1 (female parent) - F1 - F2 - P2 (male parent). The cultivar Monakinka was used as the standard. The height of paternal cultivars and the standard were determined from the average of 20-30 plants, in the F1 from 15-20 plants, and in the F2 from 69-95 plants. Statistical indicators of variation in rows were calculated according to Dospekhov (1973), predomination degree according to Greefing (1950), heterosis according Omarov (1975), trangression frequency degree following Voskresenskaya and Shpot (1967), heritability (H2) according to Warner (1971), and the number of different genes according to Rokitsky (1978). The degree of conformity of the actual results with the theoretically expected results, after splitting, was measured according to Pirson's X2.

Results and discussion. The efficiency of a feature in selection depends on the inheritance, the degree of variability, and some other parameters. Three F1 hybrids had inherited plant height from an short parent and another hybrid (ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya) from a tall parent (Table 1). Hybrid F1 Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 had hp = - 1.27, indicating a superdominance of an shorter parent, however, the difference between a hybrid and the short cultivar Molodyozhnaya was not certain. The short parent was dominant, but not superdominant.

Plant height increased in the F2 compared to the F1 because of splitting (the exception was ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya). The Opal/Okeanskaya 39 hybrid increased by 10.6 cm, Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 by 18.6, and Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47 by 5.7 cm. Heterosis of these hybrids can be explained by certain deviation of their height from the tall parent (Table 2).

Table 2 shows that if the height of three hybrids F1 is certainly lower than the height of tall parents (p < 0.001) the difference between the two in the F2 Opal/Okeanskaya 39 and Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 is uncertain, but in the Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47 hybrid the difference is lower than that of a tall cultivar in the F1. The coefficients of dominance calculated for F2 prove this conclusion. Three hybrids have an hp < 1, which implies incomplete positive (ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya and Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738) or negative (Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47) dominance. The Opal/Okeanskaya 39 hybrid has an hp < 1 that indicates heterosis, but it is inconclusive. Hence, the lack of heterosis proves the expediency needed for selection in the early generations. Moreover, the variability of characteristics in the hybrid F2s was higher than in most of paternal cultivars and the F1 hybrids (Table 3). Most of the phenotypic variation in the hybrid F2s, except Opal/Okeanskaya 39, is determined by genotypic variability. The genotypic factors are 6.3-8.5 % and the phenotypic factors 7.8-10.3 % of the variability depending on the hybrid.

The analysis of variation for hybrids and their paternal forms was transgressive and splitting in the F2 was not observed. The height of hybrids was within the limit of variations of the paternal cultivars (Table 3). One exception was hybrid ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya, which had a height that varied from 56-95 cm, whereas in the short, paternal cultivar ERO-4, the height varied from 66-88 cm and in the tall cultivar Dalnevostochnaya from 78-94 cm. The smallest hybrid F2 plants were 10-24 cm shorter than similar plants of standard cultivar Monakinka, a difference of 20-35 cm in comparison to the medium height of the standard. Depending on the hybrid, the number of this type of plant varied from 10.6-55.6 % (Table 4). All the hybrids have good signs of transgression with respect to the standard (Table 4). Despite the lack of transgression with respect to the short, paternal cultivars (exception is ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya), the combinations are better for selection of short plants than for the standard cultivar.

The splitting of the F2 hybrids for plant height showed that hybrids ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya and Opal/Okeanskaya 39, in which the difference between cultivars was not large (10-12 cm), had a phenotypic distribution close to normal. The splitting character was defined in hybrids Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 and Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47, the paternal cultivars of which differed most in height (a difference of 25 cm). The plants that fit into the certain interval of paternal forms (mean ± 2) referred to the group of short and tall plants. For the group of short plants, the interval was 58.8 ÷ 77 cm (Molodyozhnaya), 78.1 ÷ 94.5 cm (Primorskaya 1738) for the group of tall plants, and 83 ÷ 98.8 for Lutescens 47. The ratio was close to 13:3 for the combination Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 after splitting of the F2 hybrids into tall and short plants, and 7:9 for the combination Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47, which is right for dihybrid splitting (Table 5). These data suggest that the two different genes control short stalk in the hybrid combinations but by hybrid dominant complementary genes in Molodyozhnaya/ Lutescens 47.

Determining the number of genes that control height in the paternal cultivars showed that the differences were 2.0 and 2.24 genes in hybrid combinations Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738 and Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47, respectively (Table 6). The data should be expressed as a round number because the gene is descrete, or two genes for the first and three genes for the second hybrid. The paternal cultivars of hybrids ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya and Opal/Okeanskaya 39 are likely to have a one gene difference in height and a weak phenotypic activity, which makes it difficult analyze the hybrids.

The coefficient of heritability (H2) is a sufficient indicator of breeding efficiency of a character. The higher the H2, the more successful selection. The highest coefficients were in hybrid ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya, 0.70; Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738, 0.67; and Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47, 0.66 (Table 6). The lack of heterosis and high transgression and coefficients of genotypic variation in combination with high heritability led us to consider these hybrids as prospective parents for breeding for short-stalk plants and for resistance to lodging.

A result of this breeding and genetic research is the selection of the following lines from the hybrids populations: 131 and 132 (ERO-4/Dalnevostochnaya); 408, 721, 755, and 774 (Opal/Okeanskaya 39); 499, 502, and 523 (Molodyozhnaya/Primorskaya 1738); and 402, 426, and 438 (Molodyozhnaya/Lutescens 47). All the lines are 1.5-2 times more productive than the standard Monakinka, resistant to lodging and disease, and have optimal plant height (75-80 cm (standard is 90-100 cm)) for the conditions of the far eastern Russia.

References.

• Griffing IB. 1959. Analysis of quantitative gene action by constant parent regression and related techniques. Genetics 35:303-312.
• Dospekhov BA. 1973. Field plot technique. Moscow (in Russian).
• Omarov DS. 1975. For method of registration and estimation of plant heterosis. Agric Biol 1:123-127 (in Russian).
• Rokitskey PF. 1978. Introduction into statistic genetics. Minsk. 448 pp (Belarussia).
• Voskresenskaya GS and Shpot VI. 1967. Transgression of Brassica hybrid characters and method for quantity calculation of this phenomena. VASHNIL Rep 7:18-20 (in Russian).
• Warner SN. 1971. A method for estimating heritability. Agron J
  

 

RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AGROCHEMISTRY AFTER PRYANISHNIKOV

127550 Moscow, ul. Pryanishnikova -31, Russian Federation.

Acidification of the root system of wheat to the toxic influence of Al3+ ions. [p. 104-106]

N.V. Poukhalskaya, N.I. Lavrushkina, and A.A. Sobachkin.

Reaction to stress allows the estimation of tolerance and the level of metabolism. The specific mechanisms of Al toxicity still are poorly understood in higher plants. The correlation between reaction to stress and resistance allows us to estimate this character in wheat. This study investigated the reaction of wheats to Al treatment at low concentrations.

The wheat cultivar Voronegskaya 14 is known to be aluminum tolerant. Seeds were germinated in a solution of CaSO4 x 10^-5^ M for 4 days. The wheat seedlings were disinfected for 30 min in 10 % H2O2 and placed in plastic caps (30 ml) on a plastic float. The plants were grown in four growth solutions: (1) CaSO4 x 10^-5^ M, seedlings placed into this solution on day 3; (2) (control) KCl x 10^-4^ M + CaSO4 x 10^-5^ M, seedlings exposed on day 1 then placed in the third solution; (3) KCl x 10^-4^ M + CaSO4 x 10^-5^ M + 3m/l AlCl3 (exposed for 1 day) then placed in solution 2 (designated as 2-2).

Results. In solution 2, the seedlings subdivided into two biotypes according AARS values (acidification activity of the root system), which were determined as a change in the pH value. We consider that in the first 24 h no Al-induced efflux organic acid occurs and as a result improved Al resistance. We found that exposure to solution 2 for 24 h led to division into two biotypes (Figure 1). Al exposure in solution 3 inhibited AARS and leads to a decrease in acidification (Table 1).

Both biotypes showed similar reactions AARS of the Al exposure. A decrease in AARS consisted of 62.9-64.5% compared with the control solution (2). However, following dipping in solution (2-2, reparation period) was found to have the most AARS recuperation of 'M' seedlings. The AARS of the M biotype increased to 91 percent from the control (2). For the A biotype, the recuperation effect increased 58.6 %.

The increase in seedling length is depicted in Figure 2. With Al treatment, the growth rate in the apical parts of the seedlings of biotype A was 4.7 times less then that for biotype M plants (a decrease in seedling growth M 7.6 %, A 1.6 %).

We conclude that the seedling length of A biotype plants are more sensitive at Al treatment than those of the M biotype. Exposure (2-2) - (reparation period without Al+3) leads to the highest growth activation in the A biotype. The growth of the A biotype increased by 29 %, whereas growth in the M biotype increased only 16 %.

These results indicate that metabolism damage was not strong. The A-biotype plants were more sensitive to Al+3 ions, had more reduced AARS and shoot growth but were easily restored in reparation period, which may be indicative of high sensitivity to Al and the presence of a suppression system (Table 2).

Al exposure led to a decrease in AARS and root length. Most likely, the change in AARS appears to be independent from root length, the value of which is more sensitive to Al toxicity- roots length or AARS.

To estimate the effect Al+3 toxicity, we must calculate the specific acidification activity of root system (SAARS). For this purpose, we divided the AARS in to length root system resulting in the SAARS. The distinction between the activities of root system length are similar in stress conditions (Figure 3), however, up to and after stress results in higher SAARS value for biotype M. A high change in the correlation in SAARS and changes in the length of the root system are observed.

The research concludes that the population of wheat consists of biotypes that respond differently to stress. The parity of these biotypes can define reaction of sensitivity of a grade to an ion of aluminum. The wheat cultivar Voronegskaya 14 has two biotypes. Plants of biotype A possess a greater AARS and are more sensitive to low concentrations of aluminum.

SARATOV STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY named after N.I. VAVILOV

Department of Biotechnology, Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1 Teatralnaya Sg., Saratov 410600, Russian Federation.

Productivity of perspective spring bread wheat-alien lines resistant to fungal diseases. [p. 106]

N.V. Stupina, Yu.V. Lobachev, and S.N. Sibikeev (Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Tulaikov St., 7, Saratov, 410010 Russian Federation).

Perspective spring bread wheat­alien lines produced at the Agricultural Research Institute for the South-East Regions (ARISER) were studied. Donors of agronomic attributes for these lines were T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides (line L2870), A. intermedium (lines Multy 6R, L487, and L484), and Ae. speltoides (line L784). Saratovskaya 55 and L 503 were used as standard cultivars. The lines Multy 6R, L487, L484, L784, and L2870 are resistant to leaf rust; L784 to stem rust; and L487, L484 and L784 to powdery mildew.

The wheat­alien lines were studied during 2004-05 for spike productivity (length of spike, quantity of spike lets/spike, weight, grains/spike, and grain weight/spike), 1,000-kernel weight, and coefficient of productive tillers. On average for these years, all parameters did not differ from standard cultivars. For grain yield, the spring bread wheat-alien lines were estimated for 3 years (2003-05). No differences were observed on average for these years between the wheat-alien lines and the standard cultivars. The introductions of this alien genetic variability has not decreased the agricultural value of these lines, which also provide resistance to fungal diseases that is valuable for bread wheat breeding.

Evaluation of near isogenic lines of bread wheat for resistance to loose smut. [p. 106-107]

A.Yu. Buyenkov (Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Tulaikov St., 7, Saratov, 410010 Russian Federation) and Yu.V. Lobachev and O.V. Tkachenko.

Buyenkov et al. (2004) have evaluate NILs containing genes for reduced height has been lead for resistance to loose smut. Lines with genes RhtB1b, RhtB1b in combination with Lr19, and Rht14 have a high degree of resistance to loose smut pathotype L505 than their sib lines. Lines with RhtB1c, s1, and Q did not significantly differ from the sibs. To loose smut pathotype S60, the line with RhtB1b in combination with Lr19 showed a higher resistance. Other NILs had different degrees of susceptibility.

Reaction to loose smut pathotype L505 was tested in NILs differing for resistance to leaf rust (Lr), glume color (Rg), grain color (R), and awns (H, b1, and b2) were not significantly different except for lines L 360 (Rg) and L 359 (rg), which were infected to a lesser degree. Pathotype S60 has a positive effect with Lr genes in two lines, L 3309 and L 359. NO significant differences were found in other NILs to this pathotype.

The resistance to preharvest sprouting of spring bread wheat in the Volga Region. [p. 107]

G.J Antonov and V.A. Krupnov (Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Tulaikov St.,7, Saratov, 410010 Russian Federation).

White-grained cultivars of spring bread wheat grow only in areas of great drought, whereas mainly red-grained cultivars are grown in the more humid areas. During a preharvest period with unfavorable rainy weather, significant losses from sprouting of grain occur not only in white-grained cultivars but also in red-grained cultivars are observed. We have studied the reaction of several Saratov-bred spring bread wheat cultivars and lines for resistance to preharvest sprouting. Spikes were cut during physiological maturity and the seed germinated at 20C. We evaluated sprouting after 7 days.

Of the 22 white-grained spring bread wheat cultivars and lines evaluated, the average germination rate over 3 years of testing (2003-05) was between 68 and 96 %. The 41 red-grained cultivars ranged from 9 to 91 %. Among commercial cultivars, Dobrynya and L503 have the highest resistance to preharvest sprouting. Dobrynya and L503 combine high resistance to preharvest sprouting and high resistance to leaf rust (Lr19+Lr9, Lr19+Lr25, and Lr19+Lr26).

Contributions from the Russian Federation continue with the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.