CEREAL RUST BULLETIN
Final Report
August 15, 1996
Issued by:
Cereal Rust Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-6299 FAX (612) 649-5054
Internet: markh@puccini.crl.umn.edu
CRL web page: http://www.umn.edu/rustlab/
* Wheat stem rust was widespread throughout the U.S. wheat growing area in
1996. The most significant damage was caused in the northern soft red winter
wheat area east of the Mississippi River.
* Wheat leaf rust was widespread in winter wheat throughout the U.S., but
incidence and severity were less than normal because of the dry conditions in
the southern plains and less overwintering in the central plains.
* Wheat stripe rust in the Pacific Northwest was effectively controlled by
adult plant resistance in most varieties, although susceptible varieties were
heavily infected and losses were more severe than last year.
* Oat stem rust in 1996 was very light throughout the oat-growing area, which
may be due to the decline in oat production.
* Oat crown rust was severe throughout much of the northern oat-growing area
where the buckthorns provided the initial inoculum for rust infection.
* Barley stem rust did not reach damaging levels in the northern plains due to
the low levels of the barley attacking race, QCCJ, farther south.
* Barley leaf rust was found throughout the northern barley-growing area, but
severities were too low to affect yields.
* Barley stripe rust is now firmly established throughout the Pacific
Northwest where the climate is most favorable for its development. Fungicide
applications were needed to prevent losses in yield and quality.
Most of the small grains in the northern Great Plains are in good condition
and near normal in maturity. Scab is lighter than last year in western
Minnesota and eastern North Dakota spring wheat fields. Barley, oat and
winter wheat harvest has begun in northeastern North Dakota and northeastern
Montana.
Wheat stem rust
This year, wheat stem rust was found scattered in plots and fields throughout
the southern Plains and the lower Mississippi Valley wheat-growing area. In
all of these areas, losses to wheat stem rust were minimal, but these fields
did provide stem rust inoculum for susceptible wheats and barleys farther
north.
During 1996, wheat stem rust overwintering sites were found in southern Texas,
southern Louisiana and southern Illinois. During the first week in April,
traces of stem rust were found in winter wheat fields southwest of Houston and
southern Louisiana. Stem rust development in southern Texas and Louisiana in
1996 was less than in 1993, the last year with significant wheat stem rust in
the U.S. 1993 and other recent years, with greater than average stem rust,
generally had warmer late winter and early spring weather with more rainfall
than occurred in 1996. In late April, traces of wheat stem rust were observed
on susceptible cultivars in southern and central Texas nurseries. In early
June, traces of stem rust were found in plots and a field in east central
Arkansas. During the second week in June, wheat stem rust severities ranged
from trace to l% in fields of soft red winter wheat in southern Illinois, and
in wheat plots in central Indiana. In late June, traces of stem rust were
found on soft red winter wheat plants throughout southern Wisconsin and
southern Michigan. In early July, stem rust severities were light to moderate
in fields in south central Wisconsin. By late July, severely rusted fields of
soft red winter wheat were observed in northwestern Illinois, northeastern
Wisconsin and east central Michigan. In Indiana, the most stem rust was found
since 1986 . In those northern soft red winter wheat areas where moisture
conditions were good for the infection process to occur, there were
significant losses to stem rust.
During the second week in June, traces of stem rust were observed in central
and northeastern Kansas plots. The date of the first stem rust observation
was two weeks later than normal for the northeastern Kansas location. During
late June, wheat stem rust was found at trace-40% severities in plots and
trace-l% severities in fields of susceptible cultivars in northern Kansas and
southern Nebraska. The first stem rust infections in this area occurred when
stem rust spore-laden rains fell in early June. The hot dry weather in mid-
June in this area was not conducive for rust increase.
In mid-July, traces of wheat stem rust were found in plots and fields of
winter wheat in southeastern South Dakota and east central North Dakota. At
that time, traces of wheat stem rust were found also in plots of the
susceptible spring wheat Baart in west central Minnesota, eastern South Dakota
and central North Dakota. A more severe case of wheat stem rust, 20%
severity, was observed on the susceptible spring wheat cultivar Max in a
southeastern North Dakota plot. In mid-July, the durum cultivar, Mindum,
which was released over 50 years ago, had traces of stem rust in plots in east
central North Dakota. By mid-July, in an east central South Dakota nursery,
some the of the late planted susceptible cultivars were destroyed by rust.
Several factors delayed stem rust development in the central Great Plains.
First, stem rust overwintering in the southern Plains was less than normal.
Then, cool, dry conditions in late winter in the southern Plains and hot dry
weather in early June in the central plains were not conducive for rust
increase. In spite of this, sufficient quantities of stem rust spores spread
from the central Great Plains to initiate stem rust foci in susceptible spring
wheat plots in the northern Great Plains. Stem rust from these foci developed
normally. The stem rust resistance in the spring wheats remains highly
effective in the northern plains. Without this highly developed stem rust
resistance, spring wheats would have suffered significant losses throughout
the northern plains.
By mid-July, hot spots (1-20% stem rust severities) were reported in winter
wheat plots in the Palouse area of Washington. In mid-July, traces of stem
rust were found on winter wheat in plots in western New York.
To date, race Pgt-TPMK is the predominant stem rust race identified in 1996 as
it was in 1995 (Table 1). Presented in Table 1 are the preliminary wheat stem
rust race identifications (many isolates will be rerun to confirm race
identification).
TABLE 1. Preliminary identification of wheat stem rust races through
August 14, 1996
_____________________________________________________________________________
Number of Number of isolates of Pgt race*
_____________________ ______________________________________________
State collections isolates GFCS GFBS QCCS QCCJ QCMS QFCS RTRS TPMK
AR 2 6 6
IL 5 15 15
IN 2 6 1 5
KS 14 40 4 1 6 5 3 21
LA 4 12 12
NE 7 21 1 2 18
TX 9 26 3 2 4 17
_____________________________________________________________________________
* Virulence formula:
GFCS - Sr21,8a,9g,17,9a,9d,10 QCMS - Sr5,21,9g,36,17,9a,9d,10
GFBS - Sr21,8a,9g,9a,9d,10 QFCS - Sr5,21,8a,9g,17,9a,9d,10
QCCS - Sr5,21,9g,17,9a,9d,10 RTRS - Sr5,21,7b,11,6,8a,9g,36,9b,17,9a,9d,10
QCCJ - Sr5,21,9g,17,9d,10 TPMK - Sr5,21,9e,7b,11,8a,9g,36,17,9d,10,Tmp
Wheat leaf rust
Southern Plains - Overwintering of leaf rust was lower than normal throughout
most of the southern U.S. in 1995-96. During the last week in March, 20% leaf
rust severities were observed on lower leaves of wheat plants in southern
Texas fields and traces were observed in central Texas nursery plots.
Generally, by late March, leaf rust was severe in nursery plots throughout
southern Texas and moderate in central Texas, but the cool, dry weather kept
the rust in check. By mid-April, leaf rust severities were lower than normal
throughout the southern U. S. In southern Texas fields, rust was light and
in southern Texas plots of susceptible cultivars, 40% severities were observed
which is much less than normal. During the third week in April, no wheat leaf
rust was observed in fields and plots in north central Texas. By the first
week in May, 30% rust severities were observed on susceptible cultivars in
central Texas nursery plots and traces were found in north central Texas
fields (Fig. 1). During the third week in May, traces of leaf rust were
found in south central Kansas and north central Oklahoma. In this area, leaf
rust development was minimal because little or no rust overwintered and little
rust inoculum arrived from areas farther south where drought conditions
existed.
Central Plains -In contrast to the 1994-95 winter, when leaf rust overwintered
throughout Kansas, very little rust overwintered in Kansas in 1995-96. In
early June, traces of leaf rust were found in plots and fields of susceptible
cultivars throughout Kansas. Most of the rust pustules were concentrated on
upper leaves indicating that the rust developed from exogenous spore sources.
During the third week in June, leaf rust was widespread throughout Kansas on
wheat plants where there still was green tissue. Severities ranged from
trace-5% on cultivars in plots and traces in fields in northeastern Kansas.
The leaf rust loss estimate in Kansas in 1996 is less than 1% which is
significantly less than the 5% loss in 1995. During the third week in June,
20-40% severities were found on susceptible wheat cultivars in east central
Nebraska plots. In late June, 40% leaf rust severities were observed in a few
fields and plots of susceptible cultivars in southern Nebraska. In this area,
losses will vary with local conditions.
Northern Plains - On June 28, traces of wheat leaf rust were found in west
central Minnesota, east central South Dakota and Winnipeg, Canada nurseries.
This was two weeks later than the normal first date of observation of wheat
leaf rust at these three locations. During early July, traces of leaf rust
were found in spring wheat plots in central and east central North Dakota and
traces in a winter wheat field in east central North Dakota. In mid-July,
trace to 5% severities were common on flag leaves in plots and fields of
winter wheat in east central and eastern South Dakota and southeast North
Dakota winter wheat plots and fields. Leaf rust severities in the northern
plains were much lower than normal this year, because leaf rust development in
the southern and central plains was also much less than normal. Initial leaf
rust development in the northern plains comes mainly from windborne spores
from the south that are deposited with rains on wheat fields in the north. In
mid-July, in susceptible spring wheat plots, trace-5% severities were common,
while in spring wheat fields no leaf rust was observed in the northern Great
Plains. By early August, in susceptible spring wheat plots, trace-10%
severities were common. Due to resistance, only traces of leaf rust developed
in commercial fields and therefore losses were minimal in spring wheats. No
rust was reported on durum wheat.
Southeast - In the southeast U.S., during late March, leaf rust severities
were generally light on susceptible southern soft red winter wheat in plots
and fields. By mid-April, wheat leaf rust was severe in nursery plots in
southeastern Louisiana and light in plots in the panhandle of Florida. By
late April, leaf rust was severe on susceptible cultivars in nurseries and
light in fields in central Louisiana and southern Georgia (Fig. 1). The
winter rainfall in the Florida panhandle and southern Georgia was normal,
creating favorable conditions for rust infection. Cool temperatures in
February and March slowed rust development, but warm temperatures and moist
conditions in early April were favorable for rust buildup. These rust
infected plants provided leaf rust inoculum for wheats farther north. In late
April, traces of leaf rust were found in an east central Arkansas field where
leaf rust had survived the extremely cold winter. In mid-May, traces of leaf
rust were reported in nurseries from east central North Carolina to east
central Arkansas.
Midwest - In early June, light leaf rust was observed on soft red winter
wheat from eastern Virginia to southern Illinois (Fig. 1). In mid-June,
trace to 15% severities were observed in soft red winter wheat fields and
nurseries at the soft dough stage throughout Indiana and Illinois. In the
third week in June, traces of leaf rust were observed in fields in the Thumb
area and central Michigan. In Michigan the leaf rust that developed was from
spores that were deposited with rain from southern inoculum sources and not
overwintering sources. In early July, leaf rust was severe in susceptible
cultivars growing throughout Michigan.
California - During the last week in March, 15% leaf rust severities were
reported on fall-sown spring wheat cultivars growing in nurseries and fields
in the San Joaquin Valley in California. By the last week in April, moderate
to severe leaf rust was found on wheat cultivars growing in nurseries and
fields in the San Joaquin Valley in California (Fig. 1). By the first week in
May, 60% leaf rust severities were reported on wheat cultivars growing in
nurseries and in some fields in the Sacramento Valley in California.
Generally, fields in the Sacramento Valley had moderate severities of leaf
rust. Leaf rust losses on wheat occurred on the majority of cultivars
throughout the state except for Express and RSI 5, which displayed excellent
resistance.
Northwest - During mid-May, leaf rust was found throughout the state of
Washington and the Columbia basin with 40% severities being reported on
susceptible cultivars in nurseries. This was more severe leaf rust than
normal for mid-May. In early June in the Pacific Northwest, wheat leaf rust
was increasing rapidly. In central Washington, 90% severities were reported
on susceptible cultivars and in the Palouse area of Washington, leaf rust was
light to moderate. There was some spraying to control leaf rust on soft white
wheat. An emergency label was obtained for the use of Folicur on wheat in
Washington, because supplies of Bayleton ran low. Leaf rust development in
eastern Oregon and Washington and northern Idaho was delayed by dry weather
during early June, but rains in mid-June allowed for a rapid buildup of leaf
rust in winter wheats in late June. Rains in eastern Washington and eastern
Oregon during the last week in June created ideal conditions for rust increase
and in mid-July, leaf rust was light to moderate in spring wheat plots. In
the Pacific Northwest, the ideal moisture conditions for rust infection and
endogenous rust inoculum created conditions for losses to leaf rust to occur
in some areas.
Northeast - During the first week in July, leaf rust severities ranged from
trace to 10% on winter wheats across the state of New York.
The wheat leaf rust races identified so far in the 1996 survey are presented
in Table 2. All of the races identified were also found in 1995. Because of
the light leaf rust this year, the rust collections that were made were less
than one-half the normal number.
TABLE 2. Preliminary identification of wheat leaf rust races
through August 14, 1996
______________________________________________________________
Number of isolates by state
____________________________
Prt code Virulence formula* GA LA TX CA
______________________________________________________________
MBB 1,3 2
MBB-10 1,3,10 1
MBG-10 1,3,10,11 1 2
MBR-10 1,3,3Ka,10,11,30 2 5
MCB-10 1,3,10,26 2
MCD-10 1,3,17,26 4 2
MGB-10 1,3,10,16 2
MLR-10,18 1,3,3Ka,9,10,11,18,30 2
TBG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11 2
TDB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,24 2
TDG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24 5
TLG-18 1,2a,2c,3,9,11,18 2
_____________________________________________________________
No. of Isolates 1 13 20 2
No. of Collections 1 8 12 2
_____________________________________________________________
* Single gene resistance evaluated:
Lr1,2a,2c,3,3Ka,9,10,11,16,17,18,24,26,30
Wheat stripe rust
By the second week in April, moderate severities of wheat stripe rust were
observed in the San Joaquin Valley and traces were found in the Sacramento
Valley of California. During early May, traces of wheat stripe rust were
found in wheat fields in the Sacramento Valley in California.
By early May, wheat stripe rust was found throughout the state of Washington
where environmental conditions were ideal for rust development. Sixty-percent
severities were reported on susceptible cultivars in western Washington plots
and 10% severities in eastern Washington plots. The earliest planted hard red
winter wheat fields in central Washington were sprayed in early May for stripe
rust control. By the third week in May, stripe rust was widespread throughout
the Pacific Northwest and increased to epidemic levels on susceptible
cultivars. The moist cool conditions this spring were ideal for rust
development. By early June, wheat stripe rust was increasing. Stripe rust
was found on spring wheats, but cultivars with adult plant resistance were not
seriously damaged. Growers used large amounts of fungicide to control stripe
rust on the susceptible cultivars of hard red and club wheats. Dry weather
during the first 2 weeks of June delayed stripe rust development in eastern
Oregon and Washington and northern Idaho. During early July, rust buildup on
the soft white wheats was light since most of the major cultivars are
resistant to stripe rust. In early July, stripe rust was severe in plots of
susceptible winter wheat in the Palouse area of Washington, but stripe rust
was not a problem in commercial fields with adult plant resistance. Stripe
rust in the Pacific Northwest was severe this year and losses were greater
than last year.
In early July, light amounts of stripe rust were detected in the Gallatin
Valley in Montana, but hot, dry weather prevented further increase.
No wheat stripe rust was found in the central U.S. this year.
Oat stem rust
In mid-April, traces of oat stem rust were found in a nursery in southeastern
Louisiana. Usually, by early April oat stem rust was severe in these plots,
but the cooler than normal weather in March slowed the disease progress. By
early May, 20-30% oat stem rust severities were observed on susceptible
cultivars in central Louisiana, which was less than normal. In mid-May, trace
to 80% rust severities were observed on oat cultivars in southern Louisiana
plots.
In late April, traces of oat stem rust were found in nurseries in central
Texas. During the last week in June, the first detection of oat stem rust in
the central plains was traces of oat stem rust in north central Kansas fields.
By mid-July, traces of oat stem rust were found in plots in south central
Minnesota and southeastern South Dakota and in one field in southeastern South
Dakota as well as on wild oats (Avena fatua) in southeastern North Dakota.
In early August, traces of oat stem rust were found in plots in northwestern
Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota. Much less oat stem rust has been
found in the northern Great Plains the past two years than in previous years.
The reduced amount of oat stem rust seems to be associated with a decline in
oat production.
In early May, 30% rust severities were found on oats growing in plots and
traces on wild oats in the Sacramento Valley in California.
Race NA-27, virulent to Pg-1,2,3,4, and 8 remains the predominant race of the
oat stem rust population (Table 3).
TABLE 3. Preliminary identification of oat stem rust races
through August 14, 1996
______________________________________________________________
Number of Number of isolates of race*
_____________________ ___________________________
State collections isolates NA-10 NA-16 NA-27
______________________________________________________________
CA 2 4 4
KS 1 3 3
LA 3 9 1 8
TX 10 27 3 24
______________________________________________________________
* Virulence formula:
NA-10 Pg-2,3,15
NA-27 Pg-1,2,3,4,8
NA-16 Pg-1,3,8
Oat crown rust
During the last week in March, traces of crown rust were found in plots in
southern Texas, but none was found in commercial fields. During mid-April,
crown rust was light in southern Texas fields and plots. In late April, crown
rust was light in central Texas fields and plots. This area provided very
little crown rust inoculum for oat-growing areas farther north.
By the second week in April, oat crown rust was found in a southeastern
Louisiana nursery and 15% severities were reported in spreader rows. By early
May, the severity of oat crown rust in central Louisiana was much less than
normal.
During mid-May, light to moderate numbers of aecial infections were found on
buckthorns growing in south central Wisconsin. Buckthorns are the alternate
hosts for crown rust and generally provide the initial spores for crown rust
infection of the northern oat crop. During the third week in May, light
aecial infections were found in the St. Paul, Minnesota buckthorn nursery. By
early June, light to moderate numbers of aecial infections were found on
buckthorns growing in south central Minnesota and east central North Dakota.
Aecial infections were 2 -3 weeks later than normal in this area. During the
third week in June, traces of crown rust were found on oats in fields in south
central Wisconsin and Iowa and in plots in south central Minnesota and east
central South Dakota. Crown rust was beginning to build up on susceptible oat
lines near buckthorn at the St. Paul, Minnesota, by early June. By early
July, crown rust was light to moderate in southern Wisconsin and southern
Minnesota oat fields. During the second week in July, traces of crown rust
were found in a oat field in west central Minnesota and in the same field, 20%
severities were found on wild oat plants. In mid-July, trace-40% crown rust
severities were found on oat flag leaves in plots and fields throughout the
Dakotas and southern Minnesota. In plots in southeastern South Dakota, 40%
severities were common, while in central North Dakota plots, trace severities
were common. On wild oats (Avena fatua), 20-40% severities were common in
southeastern North Dakota fields. Crown rust was reported light to moderate
in south central and southeastern Wisconsin. The most severe crown rust was
found where rust occurred early and conditions were conducive for rust
development. Buckthorn growing in close proximity to oat fields provided the
initial inoculum in these areas, i.e., southeastern South Dakota and southern
Minnesota. In early August, crown rust was severe in northern Wisconsin
fields. Losses were more severe than last year in the northern oat-growing
area with the latest planted fields suffering the most damage.
During mid-April, traces of crown rust were found on wild oats growing in the
Sacramento Valley of California.
Barley stem rust
Barley stem rust was found for the first time this year in mid-July at trace
amounts in plots in west central Minnesota, in a field in south central South
Dakota and in plots and fields in southeastern North Dakota. Traces also were
found on wild barley (Hordeum jubatum) growing on the roadside in northeastern
South Dakota. In early August, traces of stem rust were found in plots and
fields in eastern North Dakota. Much less barley stem rust was found in the
northern plains than last year, which correlates to less wheat stem rust race
QCCJ (the race which infects barley) being found as part of the stem rust
population throughout the United States.
Barley leaf rust
By the last week in March, severe leaf rust caused by Puccinia hordei was
observed in one plot in south Texas. In the other plots in the same nursery,
lighter amounts were found. This year no barley leaf rust was found in
eastern Virginia, which is unusual because barley leaf rust has overwintered
there nearly every year. In early June, traces of barley leaf rust were found
in plots in southern Illinois. During the second week in June, leaf rust was
starting to increase in winter barley plots in Guelph, Canada, where it likely
overwintered.
By the third week in June traces of barley leaf rust were found in southern
Minnesota plots. In late June, traces of barley leaf rust were observed in
plots in east central South Dakota and west central Minnesota. In early July,
traces of leaf rust were found in a barley field in west central Minnesota.
During mid-July, traces of barley leaf rust were found on wild barley (Hordeum
jubatum) growing on the roadside in southern Minnesota and northeastern South
Dakota.
This year losses to barley leaf rust were minimal in the United States.
Barley stripe rust
By the third week in March, barley stripe rust was found in Central Valley,
Sacramento Co. and Sutter Co., California nurseries. By the last week in
April, barley stripe rust was severe on susceptible cultivars growing in
nurseries and fields in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of California.
Most of the released cultivars were susceptible to barley stripe rust, but
some of the lines in the nursery were resistant to the rust.
In mid-April, barley was heavily infected with barley stripe rust in winter
trial plots in northwestern Oregon at Corvallis. The rust first developed in
susceptible border rows and then spread quickly to other cultivars in the
plots. The most heavily rusted plants had 100% stripe rust on the bottom
three leaves. By early May, stripe rust infection centers were observed in
northeastern Oregon winter and spring barley varietal trials (Fig. 2). In
early May, 40% severities were reported in eastern Washington barley plots.
In mid-May, severe barley stripe rust was reported in experimental plots on
the western side of the Cascades in Washington. In fields in eastern
Washington, moderate levels of barley stripe rust were found. By early June,
in the Pacific Northwest barley stripe rust severities as high as l00% were
recorded in some western Washington winter barley plots. Traces of barley
stripe rust were observed on spring barley in western Washington. In mid-
June, stripe rust was severe on winter barley in irrigated plots in north
central Oregon and in winter wheat plots and fields in northern Idaho and in
southwest Idaho plots. An emergency label was obtained for use of Folicur to
control stripe rust on barley in the Pacific Northwest. During the first week
in July, stripe rust was increasing in spring barley fields and plots in
northern Idaho and eastern Washington and in mid-July, rust was severe in
susceptible cultivars in this area. In early August, light stripe rust was
reported in a spring barley trial plot in the Flathead Valley of northern
Montana. In the Pacific Northwest this year, a range in adult plant
resistance was observed in different cultivars to barley stripe rust.
In 1996, severe barley stripe rust was reported from California and throughout
Oregon and Washington Barley stripe rust is now firmly established in the
Pacific Northwest, where the climate is most favorable for its development.
As stated last year, this is a perfect example of a disease finding its niche
and increasing at a fast rate over a large area.
Barley crown rust
In mid-June, 15% crown rust severities were reported on barley plants in an
east central South Dakota nursery and by mid-July severities had reached 60%.
In mid-July, trace to 25% barley crown rust severity readings were reported
in barley plots and fields and wild barley in southeastern North Dakota. By
late July, severities reached 40% in susceptible cultivars in the North Dakota
plots.
Rye stem rust
In early August, traces of rye stem rust were found in a plot in west central
Minnesota.
Rye leaf rust
In late April, trace-10% rye leaf rust severities were observed in central
Texas plots. During the third week of June, traces of rye leaf rust were
found in southern Minnesota plots. In early July, leaf rust was heavy on the
lower leaves of rye plants in a west central Wisconsin field. In mid-July,
20% rye leaf rust severities were observed in a plot of the spring rye
cultivar Prolific in east central Minnesota.
Crown rust on Buckthorn
During the second week in June, light to moderate aecial infections were found
on buckthorn in east central Illinois, southern Minnesota and east central
South Dakota. Due to the cool spring, infections on buckthorn appeared 2 to 3
weeks later than normal throughout this area. During the last week in June, a
new wave of aecia were found on buckthorn growing in hedges in St. Paul,
Minnesota. This is the latest that actively sporulating aecia were found on
buckthorn in Minnesota in the last 8 years. Oats growing near these hedges
were heavily infected with crown rust.
In mid-June, aecial development was severe in the Guelph, Canada, area and
losses occurred in the latest maturing oat fields.
Stem rust on Barberry
During mid-May, the aecial stage of stem rust was found on common barberry
(Berberis vulgaris) bushes in south central Wisconsin. In early June, the
aecial stage was found on common barberry in southeastern Minnesota.
This is the last issue of the Cereal Rust Bulletin for the 1995-96 growing
season. I would like to thank all of those who helped with the bulletin this
year, especially Mark Hughes who coordinates its distribution through the CRL
web page (http://www.umn.edu/rustlab/), e-mail (markh@puccini.crl.umn.edu) and
the post. As most universities and research facilities now have access to the
Internet, we would like to use this system for exchanging information. Any
reports of rust that you find in your area will be appreciated and this
information will be added to the CRB and possibly our web page.
Your comments on any aspect of the Cereal Rust Bulletin CRL web page are
welcome.
David L. Long
(davidl@puccini.crl.umn.edu)
Special Note:
This and previous 1994-96 rust bulletins can be viewed on the Cereal Rust
Laboratory's web page (http://www.umn.edu/rustlab). Several summary
statements of the cereal rust situation in specific regions this year have
been provided by cooperators in those regions. The reports can be found on
our web page under the Cereal Rust: Bulletins, Updates section.