"Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity is a main factor in the darkening of unfermented wheat flour dough. The presence of active PPO leads to the discoloration through the formation of o-quinones (JFB-8-134), causing the formation of dark pigments and ultimately leading to perceived quality loss."

Historical (1960-1969) hard red spring wheat performance nursery reports added to GrainGenes on the Gerplasm page (https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/germplasm). You can reach these reports by following 1960-2001 link on the page under "Uniform Regional Hard Red Spring Wheat Nursery" heading.

"Lipoxygenases constitute a family of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of lipids, resulting in products that may have undesirable effects. These enzymes can affect pasta color and cause off-flavors." Hessler et al., CRS-42-1695. A deletion in Lpx-B1 on 4B is useful in wheat breeding efforts to improve pasta quality.

MacGene files were added to the Wheat Gene Catalogue collection in GrainGenes at https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/Wheat_Gene_Catalog_Documents. These are the files that were usually distributed in CDs in wheat conferences.

To reach our WGC page in GrainGenes with links to WGC curation in GrainGenes and to Komugi, please go to https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/wgc.

The activity of starch branching enzymes in wheat grain results in the content of amylose, i.e. starch resistant to digestion in the gut.

Two orthologous gene sets were curated, SbeI and SbeII.

Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat (MASWheat) is a highly-curated site for PCR protocols in wheat research.

All pathology genes in GrainGenes with protocols at MASWheat are now up to date with links to the site. These are listed below. Please note that some pathology genes have several names reflecting their role in disease resistance. These are all listed, with links pointing to the first gene in the group.

4 new Aegilops tauschii genome browsers and BLAST service were created at GrainGenes based on Zhou et al., Nature Plants, 2021.

Reduced Height Gene Class
The following gene class has been updated at GrainGenes, based on the information in the Wheat Gene Catalogue (WGC). This includes all genes, along with any associated alleles, references, loci and germplasm sources.

Oat-2019-TX07CSxHidalgo maps 6721 SNPs and 31 QTL for seedling crown rust resistance (4), height (10), and heading date (17) from Sunstrom et al. (2019) A genetic linkage map in southern-by-spring oat identifies multiple quantitative trait loci for adaptation and rust resistance. Plant Breed. 138:82.